The oil and gas water treatment faces many issue right from raw water treatment to waste water treatment. This industry consumes substantial volumes of fresh water for pressure management, drilling, fracturing, workover and other oilfield applications.
Substituting this water with lower grade, non-potable water can greatly improve the water security in water scarce areas. The use of non-potable aquifer water is however often restricted by high concentrations of total dissolved solids (TDS) and sulfate, requiring treatment before use.